golden hour

/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/cffi

File/Folder	Size	Actions
__init__.py	483 B
__init__.pyc	541 B
__init__.pyo	541 B
_cffi_include.h	9.78 KB
_embedding.h	16.84 KB
api.py	36.75 KB
api.pyc	35.77 KB
api.pyo	35.56 KB
backend_ctypes.py	39.19 KB
backend_ctypes.pyc	44.31 KB
backend_ctypes.pyo	43.94 KB
cffi_opcode.py	5.35 KB
cffi_opcode.pyc	5.63 KB
cffi_opcode.pyo	5.57 KB
commontypes.py	2.47 KB
commontypes.pyc	2.21 KB
commontypes.pyo	2.14 KB
cparser.py	36.2 KB
cparser.pyc	23.81 KB
cparser.pyo	23.63 KB
ffiplatform.py	3.64 KB
ffiplatform.pyc	4.61 KB
ffiplatform.pyo	4.61 KB
gc_weakref.py	642 B
gc_weakref.pyc	1.21 KB
gc_weakref.pyo	1.17 KB
lock.py	747 B
lock.pyc	441 B
lock.pyo	441 B
model.py	20.62 KB
model.pyc	23.04 KB
model.pyo	22.84 KB
parse_c_type.h	5.7 KB
recompiler.py	59.29 KB
recompiler.pyc	52.37 KB
recompiler.pyo	51.63 KB
setuptools_ext.py	6.01 KB
setuptools_ext.pyc	6.73 KB
setuptools_ext.pyo	6.69 KB
vengine_cpy.py	40.4 KB
vengine_cpy.pyc	36.72 KB
vengine_cpy.pyo	36.39 KB
vengine_gen.py	26.01 KB
vengine_gen.pyc	24.02 KB
vengine_gen.pyo	23.64 KB
verifier.py	11.25 KB
verifier.pyc	11.15 KB
verifier.pyo	11.11 KB

Edit: backend_ctypes.py

import ctypes, ctypes.util, operator, sys
from . import model

if sys.version_info < (3,):
    bytechr = chr
else:
    unicode = str
    long = int
    xrange = range
    bytechr = lambda num: bytes([num])

class CTypesType(type):
    pass

class CTypesData(object):
    __metaclass__ = CTypesType
    __slots__ = ['__weakref__']
    __name__ = '<cdata>'

def __init__(self, *args):
        raise TypeError("cannot instantiate %r" % (self.__class__,))

@classmethod
    def _newp(cls, init):
        raise TypeError("expected a pointer or array ctype, got '%s'"
                        % (cls._get_c_name(),))

@staticmethod
    def _to_ctypes(value):
        raise TypeError

@classmethod
    def _arg_to_ctypes(cls, *value):
        try:
            ctype = cls._ctype
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError("cannot create an instance of %r" % (cls,))
        if value:
            res = cls._to_ctypes(*value)
            if not isinstance(res, ctype):
                res = cls._ctype(res)
        else:
            res = cls._ctype()
        return res

@classmethod
    def _create_ctype_obj(cls, init):
        if init is None:
            return cls._arg_to_ctypes()
        else:
            return cls._arg_to_ctypes(init)

@staticmethod
    def _from_ctypes(ctypes_value):
        raise TypeError

@classmethod
    def _get_c_name(cls, replace_with=''):
        return cls._reftypename.replace(' &', replace_with)

@classmethod
    def _fix_class(cls):
        cls.__name__ = 'CData<%s>' % (cls._get_c_name(),)
        cls.__qualname__ = 'CData<%s>' % (cls._get_c_name(),)
        cls.__module__ = 'ffi'

def _get_own_repr(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

def _addr_repr(self, address):
        if address == 0:
            return 'NULL'
        else:
            if address < 0:
                address += 1 << (8*ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p))
            return '0x%x' % address

def __repr__(self, c_name=None):
        own = self._get_own_repr()
        return '<cdata %r %s>' % (c_name or self._get_c_name(), own)

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
        if BClass is None:
            raise TypeError("cannot convert %r to an address" % (
                self._get_c_name(),))
        else:
            raise TypeError("cannot convert %r to %r" % (
                self._get_c_name(), BClass._get_c_name()))

@classmethod
    def _get_size(cls):
        return ctypes.sizeof(cls._ctype)

def _get_size_of_instance(self):
        return ctypes.sizeof(self._ctype)

@classmethod
    def _cast_from(cls, source):
        raise TypeError("cannot cast to %r" % (cls._get_c_name(),))

def _cast_to_integer(self):
        return self._convert_to_address(None)

@classmethod
    def _alignment(cls):
        return ctypes.alignment(cls._ctype)

def __iter__(self):
        raise TypeError("cdata %r does not support iteration" % (
            self._get_c_name()),)

def _make_cmp(name):
        cmpfunc = getattr(operator, name)
        def cmp(self, other):
            if isinstance(other, CTypesData):
                return cmpfunc(self._convert_to_address(None),
                               other._convert_to_address(None))
            else:
                return NotImplemented
        cmp.func_name = name
        return cmp

__eq__ = _make_cmp('__eq__')
    __ne__ = _make_cmp('__ne__')
    __lt__ = _make_cmp('__lt__')
    __le__ = _make_cmp('__le__')
    __gt__ = _make_cmp('__gt__')
    __ge__ = _make_cmp('__ge__')

def __hash__(self):
        return hash(type(self)) ^ hash(self._convert_to_address(None))

def _to_string(self, maxlen):
        raise TypeError("string(): %r" % (self,))

class CTypesGenericPrimitive(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = []

def __eq__(self, other):
        return self is other

def __ne__(self, other):
        return self is not other

def __hash__(self):
        return object.__hash__(self)

def _get_own_repr(self):
        return repr(self._from_ctypes(self._value))

class CTypesGenericArray(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = []

@classmethod
    def _newp(cls, init):
        return cls(init)

def __iter__(self):
        for i in xrange(len(self)):
            yield self[i]

def _get_own_repr(self):
        return self._addr_repr(ctypes.addressof(self._blob))

class CTypesGenericPtr(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = ['_address', '_as_ctype_ptr']
    _automatic_casts = False
    kind = "pointer"

@classmethod
    def _newp(cls, init):
        return cls(init)

@classmethod
    def _cast_from(cls, source):
        if source is None:
            address = 0
        elif isinstance(source, CTypesData):
            address = source._cast_to_integer()
        elif isinstance(source, (int, long)):
            address = source
        else:
            raise TypeError("bad type for cast to %r: %r" %
                            (cls, type(source).__name__))
        return cls._new_pointer_at(address)

@classmethod
    def _new_pointer_at(cls, address):
        self = cls.__new__(cls)
        self._address = address
        self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.cast(address, cls._ctype)
        return self

def _get_own_repr(self):
        try:
            return self._addr_repr(self._address)
        except AttributeError:
            return '???'

def _cast_to_integer(self):
        return self._address

def __nonzero__(self):
        return bool(self._address)
    
    def __bool__(self):
        return bool(self._address)

@classmethod
    def _to_ctypes(cls, value):
        if not isinstance(value, CTypesData):
            raise TypeError("unexpected %s object" % type(value).__name__)
        address = value._convert_to_address(cls)
        return ctypes.cast(address, cls._ctype)

@classmethod
    def _from_ctypes(cls, ctypes_ptr):
        address = ctypes.cast(ctypes_ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value or 0
        return cls._new_pointer_at(address)

@classmethod
    def _initialize(cls, ctypes_ptr, value):
        if value:
            ctypes_ptr.contents = cls._to_ctypes(value).contents

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
        if (BClass in (self.__class__, None) or BClass._automatic_casts
            or self._automatic_casts):
            return self._address
        else:
            return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass)

class CTypesBaseStructOrUnion(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = ['_blob']

@classmethod
    def _create_ctype_obj(cls, init):
        # may be overridden
        raise TypeError("cannot instantiate opaque type %s" % (cls,))

def _get_own_repr(self):
        return self._addr_repr(ctypes.addressof(self._blob))

@classmethod
    def _offsetof(cls, fieldname):
        return getattr(cls._ctype, fieldname).offset

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
        if getattr(BClass, '_BItem', None) is self.__class__:
            return ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
        else:
            return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass)

@classmethod
    def _from_ctypes(cls, ctypes_struct_or_union):
        self = cls.__new__(cls)
        self._blob = ctypes_struct_or_union
        return self

@classmethod
    def _to_ctypes(cls, value):
        return value._blob

def __repr__(self, c_name=None):
        return CTypesData.__repr__(self, c_name or self._get_c_name(' &'))

class CTypesBackend(object):

PRIMITIVE_TYPES = {
        'char': ctypes.c_char,
        'short': ctypes.c_short,
        'int': ctypes.c_int,
        'long': ctypes.c_long,
        'long long': ctypes.c_longlong,
        'signed char': ctypes.c_byte,
        'unsigned char': ctypes.c_ubyte,
        'unsigned short': ctypes.c_ushort,
        'unsigned int': ctypes.c_uint,
        'unsigned long': ctypes.c_ulong,
        'unsigned long long': ctypes.c_ulonglong,
        'float': ctypes.c_float,
        'double': ctypes.c_double,
        '_Bool': ctypes.c_bool,
        }

for _name in ['unsigned long long', 'unsigned long',
                  'unsigned int', 'unsigned short', 'unsigned char']:
        _size = ctypes.sizeof(PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name])
        PRIMITIVE_TYPES['uint%d_t' % (8*_size)] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['uintptr_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_size_t):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['size_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]

for _name in ['long long', 'long', 'int', 'short', 'signed char']:
        _size = ctypes.sizeof(PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name])
        PRIMITIVE_TYPES['int%d_t' % (8*_size)] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['intptr_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['ptrdiff_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_size_t):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['ssize_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]

def __init__(self):
        self.RTLD_LAZY = 0   # not supported anyway by ctypes
        self.RTLD_NOW  = 0
        self.RTLD_GLOBAL = ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL
        self.RTLD_LOCAL = ctypes.RTLD_LOCAL

def set_ffi(self, ffi):
        self.ffi = ffi

def _get_types(self):
        return CTypesData, CTypesType

def load_library(self, path, flags=0):
        cdll = ctypes.CDLL(path, flags)
        return CTypesLibrary(self, cdll)

def new_void_type(self):
        class CTypesVoid(CTypesData):
            __slots__ = []
            _reftypename = 'void &'
            @staticmethod
            def _from_ctypes(novalue):
                return None
            @staticmethod
            def _to_ctypes(novalue):
                if novalue is not None:
                    raise TypeError("None expected, got %s object" %
                                    (type(novalue).__name__,))
                return None
        CTypesVoid._fix_class()
        return CTypesVoid

def new_primitive_type(self, name):
        if name == 'wchar_t':
            raise NotImplementedError(name)
        ctype = self.PRIMITIVE_TYPES[name]
        if name == 'char':
            kind = 'char'
        elif name in ('float', 'double'):
            kind = 'float'
        else:
            if name in ('signed char', 'unsigned char'):
                kind = 'byte'
            elif name == '_Bool':
                kind = 'bool'
            else:
                kind = 'int'
            is_signed = (ctype(-1).value == -1)
        #
        def _cast_source_to_int(source):
            if isinstance(source, (int, long, float)):
                source = int(source)
            elif isinstance(source, CTypesData):
                source = source._cast_to_integer()
            elif isinstance(source, bytes):
                source = ord(source)
            elif source is None:
                source = 0
            else:
                raise TypeError("bad type for cast to %r: %r" %
                                (CTypesPrimitive, type(source).__name__))
            return source
        #
        kind1 = kind
        class CTypesPrimitive(CTypesGenericPrimitive):
            __slots__ = ['_value']
            _ctype = ctype
            _reftypename = '%s &' % name
            kind = kind1

def __init__(self, value):
                self._value = value

@staticmethod
            def _create_ctype_obj(init):
                if init is None:
                    return ctype()
                return ctype(CTypesPrimitive._to_ctypes(init))

if kind == 'int' or kind == 'byte':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    source = ctype(source).value     # cast within range
                    return cls(source)
                def __int__(self):
                    return self._value

if kind == 'bool':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    if not isinstance(source, (int, long, float)):
                        source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    return cls(bool(source))
                def __int__(self):
                    return self._value

if kind == 'char':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    source = bytechr(source & 0xFF)
                    return cls(source)
                def __int__(self):
                    return ord(self._value)

if kind == 'float':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    if isinstance(source, float):
                        pass
                    elif isinstance(source, CTypesGenericPrimitive):
                        if hasattr(source, '__float__'):
                            source = float(source)
                        else:
                            source = int(source)
                    else:
                        source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    source = ctype(source).value     # fix precision
                    return cls(source)
                def __int__(self):
                    return int(self._value)
                def __float__(self):
                    return self._value

_cast_to_integer = __int__

if kind == 'int' or kind == 'byte' or kind == 'bool':
                @staticmethod
                def _to_ctypes(x):
                    if not isinstance(x, (int, long)):
                        if isinstance(x, CTypesData):
                            x = int(x)
                        else:
                            raise TypeError("integer expected, got %s" %
                                            type(x).__name__)
                    if ctype(x).value != x:
                        if not is_signed and x < 0:
                            raise OverflowError("%s: negative integer" % name)
                        else:
                            raise OverflowError("%s: integer out of bounds"
                                                % name)
                    return x

if kind == 'char':
                @staticmethod
                def _to_ctypes(x):
                    if isinstance(x, bytes) and len(x) == 1:
                        return x
                    if isinstance(x, CTypesPrimitive):    # <CData <char>>
                        return x._value
                    raise TypeError("character expected, got %s" %
                                    type(x).__name__)

if kind == 'float':
                @staticmethod
                def _to_ctypes(x):
                    if not isinstance(x, (int, long, float, CTypesData)):
                        raise TypeError("float expected, got %s" %
                                        type(x).__name__)
                    return ctype(x).value

@staticmethod
            def _from_ctypes(value):
                return getattr(value, 'value', value)

@staticmethod
            def _initialize(blob, init):
                blob.value = CTypesPrimitive._to_ctypes(init)

if kind == 'char':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    return self._value
            if kind == 'byte':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    return chr(self._value & 0xff)
        #
        CTypesPrimitive._fix_class()
        return CTypesPrimitive

def new_pointer_type(self, BItem):
        getbtype = self.ffi._get_cached_btype
        if BItem is getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('char')):
            kind = 'charp'
        elif BItem in (getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('signed char')),
                       getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('unsigned char'))):
            kind = 'bytep'
        elif BItem is getbtype(model.void_type):
            kind = 'voidp'
        else:
            kind = 'generic'
        #
        class CTypesPtr(CTypesGenericPtr):
            __slots__ = ['_own']
            if kind == 'charp':
                __slots__ += ['__as_strbuf']
            _BItem = BItem
            if hasattr(BItem, '_ctype'):
                _ctype = ctypes.POINTER(BItem._ctype)
                _bitem_size = ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype)
            else:
                _ctype = ctypes.c_void_p
            if issubclass(BItem, CTypesGenericArray):
                _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name('(* &)')
            else:
                _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name(' * &')

def __init__(self, init):
                ctypeobj = BItem._create_ctype_obj(init)
                if kind == 'charp':
                    self.__as_strbuf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(
                        ctypeobj.value + b'\x00')
                    self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.cast(
                        self.__as_strbuf, self._ctype)
                else:
                    self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.pointer(ctypeobj)
                self._address = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr,
                                            ctypes.c_void_p).value
                self._own = True

def __add__(self, other):
                if isinstance(other, (int, long)):
                    return self._new_pointer_at(self._address +
                                                other * self._bitem_size)
                else:
                    return NotImplemented

def __sub__(self, other):
                if isinstance(other, (int, long)):
                    return self._new_pointer_at(self._address -
                                                other * self._bitem_size)
                elif type(self) is type(other):
                    return (self._address - other._address) // self._bitem_size
                else:
                    return NotImplemented

def __getitem__(self, index):
                if getattr(self, '_own', False) and index != 0:
                    raise IndexError
                return BItem._from_ctypes(self._as_ctype_ptr[index])

def __setitem__(self, index, value):
                self._as_ctype_ptr[index] = BItem._to_ctypes(value)

if kind == 'charp' or kind == 'voidp':
                @classmethod
                def _arg_to_ctypes(cls, *value):
                    if value and isinstance(value[0], bytes):
                        return ctypes.c_char_p(value[0])
                    else:
                        return super(CTypesPtr, cls)._arg_to_ctypes(*value)

if kind == 'charp' or kind == 'bytep':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    if maxlen < 0:
                        maxlen = sys.maxsize
                    p = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr,
                                    ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))
                    n = 0
                    while n < maxlen and p[n] != b'\x00':
                        n += 1
                    return b''.join([p[i] for i in range(n)])

def _get_own_repr(self):
                if getattr(self, '_own', False):
                    return 'owning %d bytes' % (
                        ctypes.sizeof(self._as_ctype_ptr.contents),)
                return super(CTypesPtr, self)._get_own_repr()
        #
        if (BItem is self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.void_type) or
            BItem is self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.PrimitiveType('char'))):
            CTypesPtr._automatic_casts = True
        #
        CTypesPtr._fix_class()
        return CTypesPtr

def new_array_type(self, CTypesPtr, length):
        if length is None:
            brackets = ' &[]'
        else:
            brackets = ' &[%d]' % length
        BItem = CTypesPtr._BItem
        getbtype = self.ffi._get_cached_btype
        if BItem is getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('char')):
            kind = 'char'
        elif BItem in (getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('signed char')),
                       getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('unsigned char'))):
            kind = 'byte'
        else:
            kind = 'generic'
        #
        class CTypesArray(CTypesGenericArray):
            __slots__ = ['_blob', '_own']
            if length is not None:
                _ctype = BItem._ctype * length
            else:
                __slots__.append('_ctype')
            _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name(brackets)
            _declared_length = length
            _CTPtr = CTypesPtr

def __init__(self, init):
                if length is None:
                    if isinstance(init, (int, long)):
                        len1 = init
                        init = None
                    elif kind == 'char' and isinstance(init, bytes):
                        len1 = len(init) + 1    # extra null
                    else:
                        init = tuple(init)
                        len1 = len(init)
                    self._ctype = BItem._ctype * len1
                self._blob = self._ctype()
                self._own = True
                if init is not None:
                    self._initialize(self._blob, init)

@staticmethod
            def _initialize(blob, init):
                if isinstance(init, bytes):
                    init = [init[i:i+1] for i in range(len(init))]
                else:
                    init = tuple(init)
                if len(init) > len(blob):
                    raise IndexError("too many initializers")
                addr = ctypes.cast(blob, ctypes.c_void_p).value
                PTR = ctypes.POINTER(BItem._ctype)
                itemsize = ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype)
                for i, value in enumerate(init):
                    p = ctypes.cast(addr + i * itemsize, PTR)
                    BItem._initialize(p.contents, value)

def __len__(self):
                return len(self._blob)

def __getitem__(self, index):
                if not (0 <= index < len(self._blob)):
                    raise IndexError
                return BItem._from_ctypes(self._blob[index])

def __setitem__(self, index, value):
                if not (0 <= index < len(self._blob)):
                    raise IndexError
                self._blob[index] = BItem._to_ctypes(value)

if kind == 'char' or kind == 'byte':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    if maxlen < 0:
                        maxlen = len(self._blob)
                    p = ctypes.cast(self._blob,
                                    ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))
                    n = 0
                    while n < maxlen and p[n] != b'\x00':
                        n += 1
                    return b''.join([p[i] for i in range(n)])

def _get_own_repr(self):
                if getattr(self, '_own', False):
                    return 'owning %d bytes' % (ctypes.sizeof(self._blob),)
                return super(CTypesArray, self)._get_own_repr()

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
                if BClass in (CTypesPtr, None) or BClass._automatic_casts:
                    return ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
                else:
                    return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass)

@staticmethod
            def _from_ctypes(ctypes_array):
                self = CTypesArray.__new__(CTypesArray)
                self._blob = ctypes_array
                return self

@staticmethod
            def _arg_to_ctypes(value):
                return CTypesPtr._arg_to_ctypes(value)

def __add__(self, other):
                if isinstance(other, (int, long)):
                    return CTypesPtr._new_pointer_at(
                        ctypes.addressof(self._blob) +
                        other * ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype))
                else:
                    return NotImplemented

@classmethod
            def _cast_from(cls, source):
                raise NotImplementedError("casting to %r" % (
                    cls._get_c_name(),))
        #
        CTypesArray._fix_class()
        return CTypesArray

def _new_struct_or_union(self, kind, name, base_ctypes_class):
        #
        class struct_or_union(base_ctypes_class):
            pass
        struct_or_union.__name__ = '%s_%s' % (kind, name)
        kind1 = kind
        #
        class CTypesStructOrUnion(CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
            __slots__ = ['_blob']
            _ctype = struct_or_union
            _reftypename = '%s &' % (name,)
            _kind = kind = kind1
        #
        CTypesStructOrUnion._fix_class()
        return CTypesStructOrUnion

def new_struct_type(self, name):
        return self._new_struct_or_union('struct', name, ctypes.Structure)

def new_union_type(self, name):
        return self._new_struct_or_union('union', name, ctypes.Union)

def complete_struct_or_union(self, CTypesStructOrUnion, fields, tp,
                                 totalsize=-1, totalalignment=-1, sflags=0):
        if totalsize >= 0 or totalalignment >= 0:
            raise NotImplementedError("the ctypes backend of CFFI does not support "
                                      "structures completed by verify(); please "
                                      "compile and install the _cffi_backend module.")
        struct_or_union = CTypesStructOrUnion._ctype
        fnames = [fname for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields]
        btypes = [BField for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields]
        bitfields = [bitsize for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields]
        #
        bfield_types = {}
        cfields = []
        for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields:
            if bitsize < 0:
                cfields.append((fname, BField._ctype))
                bfield_types[fname] = BField
            else:
                cfields.append((fname, BField._ctype, bitsize))
                bfield_types[fname] = Ellipsis
        if sflags & 8:
            struct_or_union._pack_ = 1
        struct_or_union._fields_ = cfields
        CTypesStructOrUnion._bfield_types = bfield_types
        #
        @staticmethod
        def _create_ctype_obj(init):
            result = struct_or_union()
            if init is not None:
                initialize(result, init)
            return result
        CTypesStructOrUnion._create_ctype_obj = _create_ctype_obj
        #
        def initialize(blob, init):
            if is_union:
                if len(init) > 1:
                    raise ValueError("union initializer: %d items given, but "
                                    "only one supported (use a dict if needed)"
                                     % (len(init),))
            if not isinstance(init, dict):
                if isinstance(init, (bytes, unicode)):
                    raise TypeError("union initializer: got a str")
                init = tuple(init)
                if len(init) > len(fnames):
                    raise ValueError("too many values for %s initializer" %
                                     CTypesStructOrUnion._get_c_name())
                init = dict(zip(fnames, init))
            addr = ctypes.addressof(blob)
            for fname, value in init.items():
                BField, bitsize = name2fieldtype[fname]
                assert bitsize < 0, \
                       "not implemented: initializer with bit fields"
                offset = CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname)
                PTR = ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)
                p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR)
                BField._initialize(p.contents, value)
        is_union = CTypesStructOrUnion._kind == 'union'
        name2fieldtype = dict(zip(fnames, zip(btypes, bitfields)))
        #
        for fname, BField, bitsize in fields:
            if fname == '':
                raise NotImplementedError("nested anonymous structs/unions")
            if hasattr(CTypesStructOrUnion, fname):
                raise ValueError("the field name %r conflicts in "
                                 "the ctypes backend" % fname)
            if bitsize < 0:
                def getter(self, fname=fname, BField=BField,
                           offset=CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname),
                           PTR=ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)):
                    addr = ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
                    p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR)
                    return BField._from_ctypes(p.contents)
                def setter(self, value, fname=fname, BField=BField):
                    setattr(self._blob, fname, BField._to_ctypes(value))
                #
                if issubclass(BField, CTypesGenericArray):
                    setter = None
                    if BField._declared_length == 0:
                        def getter(self, fname=fname, BFieldPtr=BField._CTPtr,
                                   offset=CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname),
                                   PTR=ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)):
                            addr = ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
                            p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR)
                            return BFieldPtr._from_ctypes(p)
                #
            else:
                def getter(self, fname=fname, BField=BField):
                    return BField._from_ctypes(getattr(self._blob, fname))
                def setter(self, value, fname=fname, BField=BField):
                    # xxx obscure workaround
                    value = BField._to_ctypes(value)
                    oldvalue = getattr(self._blob, fname)
                    setattr(self._blob, fname, value)
                    if value != getattr(self._blob, fname):
                        setattr(self._blob, fname, oldvalue)
                        raise OverflowError("value too large for bitfield")
            setattr(CTypesStructOrUnion, fname, property(getter, setter))
        #
        CTypesPtr = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.PointerType(tp))
        for fname in fnames:
            if hasattr(CTypesPtr, fname):
                raise ValueError("the field name %r conflicts in "
                                 "the ctypes backend" % fname)
            def getter(self, fname=fname):
                return getattr(self[0], fname)
            def setter(self, value, fname=fname):
                setattr(self[0], fname, value)
            setattr(CTypesPtr, fname, property(getter, setter))

def new_function_type(self, BArgs, BResult, has_varargs):
        nameargs = [BArg._get_c_name() for BArg in BArgs]
        if has_varargs:
            nameargs.append('...')
        nameargs = ', '.join(nameargs)
        #
        class CTypesFunctionPtr(CTypesGenericPtr):
            __slots__ = ['_own_callback', '_name']
            _ctype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(getattr(BResult, '_ctype', None),
                                      *[BArg._ctype for BArg in BArgs],
                                      use_errno=True)
            _reftypename = BResult._get_c_name('(* &)(%s)' % (nameargs,))

def __init__(self, init, error=None):
                # create a callback to the Python callable init()
                import traceback
                assert not has_varargs, "varargs not supported for callbacks"
                if getattr(BResult, '_ctype', None) is not None:
                    error = BResult._from_ctypes(
                        BResult._create_ctype_obj(error))
                else:
                    error = None
                def callback(*args):
                    args2 = []
                    for arg, BArg in zip(args, BArgs):
                        args2.append(BArg._from_ctypes(arg))
                    try:
                        res2 = init(*args2)
                        res2 = BResult._to_ctypes(res2)
                    except:
                        traceback.print_exc()
                        res2 = error
                    if issubclass(BResult, CTypesGenericPtr):
                        if res2:
                            res2 = ctypes.cast(res2, ctypes.c_void_p).value
                                # .value: http://bugs.python.org/issue1574593
                        else:
                            res2 = None
                    #print repr(res2)
                    return res2
                if issubclass(BResult, CTypesGenericPtr):
                    # The only pointers callbacks can return are void*s:
                    # http://bugs.python.org/issue5710
                    callback_ctype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
                        ctypes.c_void_p,
                        *[BArg._ctype for BArg in BArgs],
                        use_errno=True)
                else:
                    callback_ctype = CTypesFunctionPtr._ctype
                self._as_ctype_ptr = callback_ctype(callback)
                self._address = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr,
                                            ctypes.c_void_p).value
                self._own_callback = init

@staticmethod
            def _initialize(ctypes_ptr, value):
                if value:
                    raise NotImplementedError("ctypes backend: not supported: "
                                          "initializers for function pointers")

def __repr__(self):
                c_name = getattr(self, '_name', None)
                if c_name:
                    i = self._reftypename.index('(* &)')
                    if self._reftypename[i-1] not in ' )*':
                        c_name = ' ' + c_name
                    c_name = self._reftypename.replace('(* &)', c_name)
                return CTypesData.__repr__(self, c_name)

def _get_own_repr(self):
                if getattr(self, '_own_callback', None) is not None:
                    return 'calling %r' % (self._own_callback,)
                return super(CTypesFunctionPtr, self)._get_own_repr()

def __call__(self, *args):
                if has_varargs:
                    assert len(args) >= len(BArgs)
                    extraargs = args[len(BArgs):]
                    args = args[:len(BArgs)]
                else:
                    assert len(args) == len(BArgs)
                ctypes_args = []
                for arg, BArg in zip(args, BArgs):
                    ctypes_args.append(BArg._arg_to_ctypes(arg))
                if has_varargs:
                    for i, arg in enumerate(extraargs):
                        if arg is None:
                            ctypes_args.append(ctypes.c_void_p(0))  # NULL
                            continue
                        if not isinstance(arg, CTypesData):
                            raise TypeError(
                                "argument %d passed in the variadic part "
                                "needs to be a cdata object (got %s)" %
                                (1 + len(BArgs) + i, type(arg).__name__))
                        ctypes_args.append(arg._arg_to_ctypes(arg))
                result = self._as_ctype_ptr(*ctypes_args)
                return BResult._from_ctypes(result)
        #
        CTypesFunctionPtr._fix_class()
        return CTypesFunctionPtr

def new_enum_type(self, name, enumerators, enumvalues, CTypesInt):
        assert isinstance(name, str)
        reverse_mapping = dict(zip(reversed(enumvalues),
                                   reversed(enumerators)))
        #
        class CTypesEnum(CTypesInt):
            __slots__ = []
            _reftypename = '%s &' % name

def _get_own_repr(self):
                value = self._value
                try:
                    return '%d: %s' % (value, reverse_mapping[value])
                except KeyError:
                    return str(value)

def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                value = self._value
                try:
                    return reverse_mapping[value]
                except KeyError:
                    return str(value)
        #
        CTypesEnum._fix_class()
        return CTypesEnum

def get_errno(self):
        return ctypes.get_errno()

def set_errno(self, value):
        ctypes.set_errno(value)

def string(self, b, maxlen=-1):
        return b._to_string(maxlen)

def buffer(self, bptr, size=-1):
        raise NotImplementedError("buffer() with ctypes backend")

def sizeof(self, cdata_or_BType):
        if isinstance(cdata_or_BType, CTypesData):
            return cdata_or_BType._get_size_of_instance()
        else:
            assert issubclass(cdata_or_BType, CTypesData)
            return cdata_or_BType._get_size()

def alignof(self, BType):
        assert issubclass(BType, CTypesData)
        return BType._alignment()

def newp(self, BType, source):
        if not issubclass(BType, CTypesData):
            raise TypeError
        return BType._newp(source)

def cast(self, BType, source):
        return BType._cast_from(source)

def callback(self, BType, source, error, onerror):
        assert onerror is None   # XXX not implemented
        return BType(source, error)

typeof = type

def getcname(self, BType, replace_with):
        return BType._get_c_name(replace_with)

def typeoffsetof(self, BType, fieldname, num=0):
        if isinstance(fieldname, str):
            if num == 0 and issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
                BType = BType._BItem
            if not issubclass(BType, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
                raise TypeError("expected a struct or union ctype")
            BField = BType._bfield_types[fieldname]
            if BField is Ellipsis:
                raise TypeError("not supported for bitfields")
            return (BField, BType._offsetof(fieldname))
        elif isinstance(fieldname, (int, long)):
            if issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericArray):
                BType = BType._CTPtr
            if not issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
                raise TypeError("expected an array or ptr ctype")
            BItem = BType._BItem
            offset = BItem._get_size() * fieldname
            if offset > sys.maxsize:
                raise OverflowError
            return (BItem, offset)
        else:
            raise TypeError(type(fieldname))

def rawaddressof(self, BTypePtr, cdata, offset=None):
        if isinstance(cdata, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
            ptr = ctypes.pointer(type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata))
        elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericPtr):
            if offset is None or not issubclass(type(cdata)._BItem,
                                                CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
                raise TypeError("unexpected cdata type")
            ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)
        elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericArray):
            ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)
        else:
            raise TypeError("expected a <cdata 'struct-or-union'>")
        if offset:
            ptr = ctypes.cast(
                ctypes.c_void_p(
                    ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value + offset),
                type(ptr))
        return BTypePtr._from_ctypes(ptr)

class CTypesLibrary(object):

def __init__(self, backend, cdll):
        self.backend = backend
        self.cdll = cdll

def load_function(self, BType, name):
        c_func = getattr(self.cdll, name)
        funcobj = BType._from_ctypes(c_func)
        funcobj._name = name
        return funcobj

def read_variable(self, BType, name):
        try:
            ctypes_obj = BType._ctype.in_dll(self.cdll, name)
        except AttributeError as e:
            raise NotImplementedError(e)
        return BType._from_ctypes(ctypes_obj)

def write_variable(self, BType, name, value):
        new_ctypes_obj = BType._to_ctypes(value)
        ctypes_obj = BType._ctype.in_dll(self.cdll, name)
        ctypes.memmove(ctypes.addressof(ctypes_obj),
                       ctypes.addressof(new_ctypes_obj),
                       ctypes.sizeof(BType._ctype))